Endocrine organs are designed to produce vital hormones and regulate metabolic processes. Parathyroid glands are four small physiological structures responsible for maintaining a normal level of calcium. They secrete parathyroid hormone ( parathyroid hormone ), which stimulates its production.
Causes of parathyroid adenoma
The disease under consideration arises from gene mutations of proteins that participate in the exchange of calcium and its transportation. Modified cells acquire too high activity. They begin to uncontrollably share, resulting in a benign parathyroid tumor or adenoma. Predisposing factors for the start of mutations are any mechanical damage to the body (trauma, surgery) and radiation exposure.
Parathyroid adenoma - symptoms
Benign neoplasm has the ability of self-producing parathyroid hormone. It activates osteoclasts, and parathyroid adenoma causes a constant extraction of calcium from the bones and its transfer to the circulatory system. As a result, a person begins osteoporosis, frequent and multiple fractures occur even with minimal physical exertion (jumping, changing the position of the body, light blow to the limb). Other specific signs of parathyroid adenoma:
- decreased elasticity of blood vessels;
- increased systolic ("upper") pressure;
- curvature of the spinal column;
- deformation of bones;
- heart attacks;
- deterioration of attention and ability to concentrate;
- degradation of the intellect;
- strokes;
- polyuria;
- prolonged loss of consciousness, up to confluence in coma;
- loss of appetite;
- malaise;
- nausea;
- constipation;
- scattered pains in the bones;
- arthralgia;
- vomiting;
- muscle weakness;
- weight loss;
- depression;
- convulsions;
- cholecystitis ;
- fibrocystic ostitis;
- loosening and falling out of healthy teeth;
- diffuse nephrocalcinosis;
- urolithiasis ;
- polydipsia;
- recurrent ulcer of duodenum, stomach;
- pancreatitis ;
- steatorrhea;
- calcification of coronary arteries and heart valves;
- lesions of joints and cartilage tissues, including ears, nose;
- striated keratitis ;
- necrosis of the renal tubules and others.
Parathyroid adenoma - diagnosis
Several specialists participate in the confirmation of the described pathology:
- endocrinologist;
- cardiologist;
- neurologist;
- gastroenterologist;
- nephrologist.
The first thing that attention is paid to when a parathyroid tumor is diagnosed is the symptoms. Laboratory tests are carried out:
- biochemistry ;
- hormonal panel;
- urine tests.
Sometimes a selective catheterization of veins is performed to determine the concentration of parathyroid hormone in the blood flowing from the parathyroid gland. Additionally, instrumental and hardware diagnostic procedures are assigned:
- ultrasound, including ultrasound of the kidneys, bile and bladder, pancreas and thyroid gland;
- magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography;
- scintigraphy;
- thermography;
- biopsy;
- densitometry;
- esophagogastroduodenoscopy;
- radiography of bones;
- review urography;
- echo- and electrocardiography;
- daily monitoring of arterial pressure.
Parathyroid adenoma on ultrasound
With the help of this study, it is possible to determine the localization, number, size and structure of benign tumors. Parathyroid adenoma always provokes a significant increase in hormone-producing organs. This leads to their clear visualization with ultrasound, they are normally not visible. The neoplasm of parathyroid gland differs from healthy tissues due to echogenicity due to its heterogeneous structure. The specialist sees on the screen oval or rounded tumors with outlined borders, located in the endocrine organs.
Parathyroid adenoma - MRI
Computer and magnetic resonance imaging are considered more informative and modern methods of diagnosing the presented disease. A parathyroid tumor is defined as a small neoplasm with a reduced echogenicity, which is significantly different from neighboring endocrine tissues. MRI helps to clarify not only the number and location of the adenoma, but also its structure, size and activity. For better visualization, the introduction of a contrasting drug is recommended.
Parathyroid adenoma - treatment without surgery
Effective therapy of the disease under consideration provides for exclusively surgical intervention. Even minimally invasive methods, such as sclerotherapy for parathyroid adenoma, do not exist. On the eve of surgery preliminary therapy of hypercalcemia is carried out. It is necessary for the relief of the symptoms that provoke parathyroid adenoma - the treatment includes:
- use of prescribed drugs;
- application of alternative medicine;
- adherence to a special diet.
Parathyroid adenoma - drugs
Conservative therapy provides normalization of calcium concentration in the body and the cessation of its increase. Before the benign tumor of the parathyroid glands is removed, the patient is given intravenous (with a dropper) medicines with phosphates:
- Dalacin C;
- Ezafosphine;
- Levoflox and analogues.
Parathyroid adenoma often leads to the accumulation of excess fluid and toxins in the body. Diuretics (diuretics) help to speed up their excretion for surgical intervention:
- Torsid;
- Hypothiazide;
- Furosemide;
- Suprilneo;
- Lasix;
- Torasemide and others.
Parathyroid adenoma - treatment with folk remedies
Non-traditional therapeutic methods can be used only after the doctor's approval. Folk methods, how to treat an adenoma of the parathyroid gland, can act as an auxiliary event. They do not dissolve the tumor and do not fight its symptoms. Such recipes provide an easy diuretic effect and contribute to the mild and natural elimination of toxins, excess fluid from the tissues.
Cleansing mixture
Ingredients :
- walnuts - 300 g;
- honey, preferably buckwheat - 300 g;
- buckwheat flour - 300 g.
Preparation, application
- Grind the nuts.
- Mix all ingredients thoroughly.
- There is a remedy for 1 day a week, washed down with any beverages or water.
Decoction
Ingredients :
- roots of sorrel - 250 g;
- water - 2.5 liters.
Preparation, application
- Pour vegetable raw materials with cold clean water.
- Boil the remedy.
- Cook on the very quiet fire for 3 hours.
- Cool and strain the drug.
- Take 3 times a day for 125 ml of the solution.
Diet with parathyroid adenoma
The described pathology causes a strong increase in the level of calcium in the body. To the adenoma of the parathyroid glands can be removed, it is necessary to reduce it. In addition to the medicinal methods of reducing the concentration of calcium, it is recommended that a special diet be observed. Parathyroid adenoma involves a diet rich in phosphorus, because this element neutralizes hypercalcemia.
Suitable products:
- nuts;
- mushrooms, especially chanterelles and pimples;
- pumpkin seeds;
- wheat bran;
- sesame;
- soya beans;
- sturgeon caviar;
- buckwheat;
- pork liver;
- oily fish;
- cottage cheese, cheeses;
- mutton;
- fermented milk products;
- eggs;
- shrimp, crab, squid;
- legumes and others.
It is forbidden:
- alcohol;
- canned food;
- marinades;
- salt (very limited);
- coffee.
Surgery to remove parathyroid adenoma
There are 3 options for surgical intervention:
- Two-sided audit of the neck. The doctor examines all 4 endocrine organs, detects a neoplasm and produces removal of the parathyroid adenoma.
- One-sided audit of the neck. The surgeon examines only 2 organs, from the side where the tumor was detected, and cuts the tumor. For such an operation, correct data on its localization are necessary.
- Selective parathyroidectomy. The doctor removes only the adenoma of the parathyroid gland in which it is located. Inspection of other organs is not carried out. This is a complex procedure, involving the most accurate diagnosis and the availability of special equipment. This manipulation is the fastest, most effective and safe.
Postoperative period after removal of parathyroid adenoma
Correctly performed surgical intervention provides a very rapid improvement in the patient's condition. The level of calcium in the body is normalized by the 2nd day after removal of the parathyroid adenoma. In a hospital, a person is not more than 7 days. During this time, specialists observe the restoration, control the work of the cardiovascular system and the concentration of calcium in the blood.
Removal of parathyroid adenoma - consequences
Very rarely (less than 5% of cases) in people who undergo surgery, hypocalcemia develops - too low a level of calcium in the body. Such consequences of parathyroid adenoma and its excision are eliminated at the rehabilitative stage. To normalize the calcium concentration, a diet rich in this trace element and containing preparations are applied.
Parathyroid adenoma - prognosis
In most situations, timely removal of the tumor ends in complete recovery. In a few weeks, the work of the internal organs and the endocrine system is restored, for two years the fragility of bones disappears. Worse, if the adenoma of the parathyroid gland was detected late - the prognosis of life in such cases depends on the severity of the disease. With severe lesions of the internal organs and a critical calcium deficiency in the bones, even the right therapy may not bring the desired result. Sometimes the adenoma degenerates into cancer.