Laboratory studies often form the basis for the diagnosis of gynecological diseases. They directly help identify the disease, prescribe treatment. Let us examine in more detail such a study as the cytology of the cervix, what it is, tell you about the features of the exercise.
Cytology of the cervix - what is it?
Liquid cytology of the cervix refers to laboratory diagnostic methods. With the help of his doctors establish the structure of the cervical canal. Talking about the study cytology of the cervix, explaining what it is, doctors notice that one of its types was used in the early 20th century, by the Greek Papa. His name today is called a test - cytological study of the cervix, a PAP test. Determination of the structure of cells, the detection of structures with an atypical structure, reveals at an early stage cancer.
What does the cytology of the cervix show?
Cytological examination of the cervix reflects the condition of the cervical canal, its cellular side. When microscopic material, doctors evaluate the structure of cells that lining it. Attention is drawn to the size, quantity and internal organization of cellular structures. This is how the diagnosis of tumor-like processes in the early stages, and precancerous states, is carried out. Telling about such research, as a cytology of the cervix, what it is, doctors indicate the possibility of determining directly the stage of the pathological process.
When do you designate a cytology?
An analysis of this kind of gynecology is recommended to take place in preventive order after the girl reaches the age of 21. Up to 30 years, the examination is carried out once in 3 years, provided that the previous results were normal. After 65 years, cervical cancer screening, fluid cytology, is not mandatory if the woman has had 3 negative results in the past 10 years. Fluid cytology of the cervix is performed with:
- planning of pregnancy ;
- frequent delivery (3-4 deliveries in the last 4 years);
- early first childbirth (up to 18 years);
- in the period of postmenopause ;
- staging of the intrauterine device ;
- absence of this survey earlier, or other diagnostic gynecological procedures for more than 3 years;
- inconsistency between the results of the previous survey norm (presence of atypical cells);
- presence of visible structural changes in the genital tract when viewed in mirrors - cytology in case of erosion of the cervix determines the cause of the disorder;
- burden of anamnesis by the presence of oncological diseases in relatives.
Preparation for cytology of the cervix
In order for the performed cytological examination of cervical smears to have an objective and correct result, the patient must observe certain conditions. So the preparation for the cytological examination of the cervical canal includes:
- Exclusion of syringing and baths for 3 days before collection;
- 3 days before manipulation exclude sexual intercourse;
- ban on the use of hygienic tampons, candles or tablets, creams for the vagina for 5 days before smear;
- on the day of the procedure, 2 hours before the procedure, it is necessary to refrain from urinating.
How do the cytology of the cervix?
A smear on cytology from the cervix is a mandatory procedure for a comprehensive gynecological examination. Conduct it in a clinic, women's consultation. The patient is located in the gynecological chair. The doctor spends neatly scraping from the outer part of the mucous membrane of the cervix. In this case, use a special tool - Eyre spatula. Cell structures from the cervical canal are taken with the help of an endobrush - a special probe having a small diameter.
A sample of the collected material is applied to a slide, fixed and transferred to a laboratory technician. He conducts microscopy, pre-staining the smear. After this procedure, the cervix cells can be clearly seen in the field of view of the microscope, and their structure can be evaluated. The attention of the laboratory assistant is drawn to the form, the outer shell and the inner contents. All changes are displayed in the conclusion. Cytological examination of the cervix in the Pap test is done directly.
Cytological examination of cervical smears - decoding
After conducting such a study, as cytology of the cervix, the results of the analysis are evaluated exclusively by the doctor. In this case, doctors use the Papanicolaou classifier. With the help of his interpretation of the results obtained. Doctors say a negative or positive result of the study. The first testifies to absence of pathological influence on cellular structures, atypical cells - the changed form, the sizes, partially destroyed, are not found out.
With a positive result, pathological processes are recorded in the reproductive system. Anomalous cells are present in the field of view of the microscope. At the same time, the number exceeds the permissible standards. Atypical elements can have a different size, shape, structure. Proceeding from this, the interpretation of the result is carried out, a presumptive diagnosis is made.
Cytology of cervix uteri - norm of analysis
Cytological examination of scraping of the cervix, with no atypical changes in the cellular material, is the norm. In this case, both the quantity and the quality of the components are estimated. Cells are compared with morphological standards. In the resulting cytogram, the material is described in detail, according to size, structure, content and form. Normal with this type of study is the following description of the description:
- The smear contains cells of single-layered cylindrical epithelium;
- multilayer epithelial structures are absent;
- atypical cellular formations are not fixed in the field of vision.
Atypical cells in cytology of cervix uteri
A poor analysis of cervical cytology is an indication for a comprehensive examination, the appointment of additional studies. The final diagnosis by the results of cytology is not exposed, so even the presence of atypical cells in the smear can not be regarded as an oncological process. Atypia of cells is fixed with such violations as:
- inflammatory process;
- keratosis;
- metaplasia;
- parakeratosis.