Penicillins are a group of antibiotics that are produced by species of molds of the genus Penicillium. They are active against bactericidal action on Gram-positive, and also some gram-negative microorganisms. The antibiotics of the penicillin series include not only natural compounds, but also semisynthetic ones.
Properties:
- A wide range of effective dosages.
- Low toxic effects on the body.
- Wide range of action.
- Cross-allergy to other types of penicillins.
- Rapid absorption and distribution in the body.
- Good penetration into tissues, body fluids.
- Accelerated achievement of therapeutic concentration.
- Quick removal from the body.
Portability
The antibiotics of the penicillin group, because of their low toxicity, are the most well tolerated bactericidal preparations. Undesirable side effects only occur if there is hypersensitivity or an allergy to penicillin. Unfortunately, such reactions are observed in a significant number of people (up to 10%) and spread not only to medicines, but also to any other products and cosmetics containing an antibiotic. An allergy to penicillin is possible upon admission to the body of any, even the smallest dose of the drug. Therefore, with hypersensitivity and allergic reactions it is necessary to select antibiotics without penicillin and penicillin-free analogues of the drugs.
Form of issue
Antibiotics penicillin series are available in tablets:
- Penicillin-ekormoline tablets for resorption.
- Penicillin-ekormoline tablets for oral administration.
- Penicillin tablets with sodium citrate.
Powder is also used to prepare solution and injections.
Classification
Antibiotics of the penicillin group have the following types:
- Natural penicillins - are obtained from the environment in which penicillin fungi are grown.
- Biosynthetic penicillins - are obtained through biological synthesis.
- Semisynthetic penicillins - are obtained on the basis of an acid isolated from natural penicillins (antibiotics based on penicillin).
Areas of application:
The antibiotic penicillin has a rather wide spectrum of action and has a detrimental effect on the bacteria that caused the onset of the disease:
- infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract;
- infections of the gastrointestinal tract;
- urinary tract infections;
- venereal diseases;
- ophthalmologic procedures.
Side effects
Despite good tolerability, antibiotics from the penicillin group are able to have the following side effects on the body:
1. Allergic reactions and hypersensitivity:
- dermatitis;
- skin rash;
- swelling of the mucous membranes;
- defeat of the digestive system;
- arthritis;
- spasm of bronchi;
- anaphylactic shock;
- edema of the brain;
- arthralgia.
2. Toxic reactions:
- nausea;
- diarrhea;
- stomatitis;
- glossitis;
- necrosis of muscles;
- candidiasis of the oral and vaginal cavity;
- development of superinfection;
- intestinal dysbiosis;
- thrombophlebitis.
3. Neurotoxic reactions:
- hallucinations;
- convulsions;
- rave;
- violation of blood pressure regulation.
4. Specific reactions:
- local infiltration;
- complications of the vascular system (One and Nicolau syndromes).
Until now, treatment with penicillin is one of the most effective means of combating infectious diseases. But his appointment must necessarily be carried out by a doctor in accordance with the analysis and allergic tests.