For carrying out various surgical procedures often it is necessary to anesthetize the damaged area. In medical practice, conductive anesthesia is used, as a way to block the transmission of nerve impulses for a short period of time.
Methods of conductive anesthesia in dentistry
The described method is used for anesthesia of both the upper and lower jaw.
In the first case, there are such types of anesthesia:
- Infraorbital. The medicine is injected into the zone of the infraorbital foramen.
- Tuberal. The injection is performed in the area of the upper jawbone. It is worth noting that this technique is considered the most dangerous, since it often causes complications.
Conduction anesthesia on the lower jaw happens:
- Apodactyl. The needle is inserted into the fold near the large extreme molar.
- Intraoral. Previously, the injection site is palpated with fingers.
Typically, the technology described is used to perform operations on the jaw, as well as in contracture.
Conduction anesthesia of the upper limb
The forthcoming surgical operation on the arm with the use of an anesthetic injection is based on several methods of blockade of the brachial plexus by the following types of access:
- supraclavicular;
- axillary;
- interlace;
- lower-clavicular.
There is also a way to block terminal nerves throughout.
When manipulating below the elbow, conductor anesthesia is required on the wrist. It allows to anesthetize the median, radial and ulnar nerve. The point of insertion of the needle is located in the center of the wrist folding groove. The drugs provide a long blockade of transmission of nerve impulses, so the proposed method is often used for operations on the fingers.
Effective anesthetics for conductive anesthesia:
- Trimecaine;
- Novocaine;
- Ultracaine;
- Bupivacaine;
- Lidocaine.
To enhance the effect of drugs, as well as adding injections of anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, adrenaline, opioids and steroid hormones are added to the solution.
Conduction anesthesia of the lower limb
Depending on the localization of leg injuries, blockages of such nerves are distinguished:
- prohibitive;
- tibial;
- peroneal;
- femoral;
- lateral;
- external cutaneous edge of the thigh;
- sciatic.
Before the injection, the exact location of the nerve is sought with the help of ultrasound or a neurostimulator. It is important to anesthetize the required area for a sufficient period of time. Moreover, clarification of the point of excision allows avoiding various side effects from injection.
Complications of conductive anesthesia
More often negative consequences are connected with risk of development of individual allergic reactions to the administered medicine. In addition, there may be such complications:
- damage to the nerve or blood vessels around it;
- numbness and severe pain in the limb, continuing for a long time after anesthesia and surgery;
- sensation of creeping "goosebumps";
- dysfunction of the nerve to which the injection was made (neuropathy);
- rupture of lymphatic flow (thoracic);
- intoxication ;
- pneumothorax;
- infection of the area in which the injection was performed.
Sometimes systemic reactions develop, manifested in the form of dizziness, cardiac arrhythmia, loss of consciousness and weakness throughout the body. They are rare and are caused by an incorrect injection of anesthetic (inside the blood vessel).
It should be noted that complications occur no more often than in 1% of all cases of anesthesia.